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报告盾壳霉在土壤中随水分进行的扩散研究
出版时间:2007重寄生菌盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)是核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)的一种重要生防菌。这种生防菌在其自然生境—土壤中寄生致腐核盘菌菌核,从而达到阻断核盘菌侵染循环及防治核盘菌的目的。为了充分挖掘盾壳霉的防病潜力,必须了解盾壳霉在土壤中的扩散规律。在以前的研究中,获得了一株对杀菌剂农利灵表现高度抗性的突变菌株SV-5-2,以之为基础,建立了一种选择性分离盾壳霉的方法(Yang等,2007)。本研究采用选择性分离的方法探讨了盾壳霉在5种不同土壤(黄棕壤、红壤、潮土、黑土、沙子)中的垂直扩散和水平扩散的动态规律。垂直扩散的研究结果表明:盾壳霉的分生孢子可以随水分在5种不同土壤中垂直扩散到20cm深处。盾壳霉的种群数量随深度的增加而呈数量级减少。例如,在40%含水量黄棕壤中扩散24h后,土壤表层(0~2cm)盾壳霉的数量为4.0×107cfu/g干土,而底层盾壳霉的数量为(16~20cm)则为0.6×103cfu/g干土。研究还发现:盾壳霉在沙子中的垂直扩散效果最好。这可能与土壤中的含沙量、黏性和吸附性有关。同时盾壳霉在40%和60%含水量(绝对含水量)的土壤中的垂直扩散没有显著差异(P>0.05)。水平扩散的研究结果也表明:盾壳霉的分生孢子可以随水分在4种不同的土壤(黄棕壤、红壤、潮土、黑土)中水平扩散距离为10cm,在沙子中水平扩散距离为20cm。盾壳霉的种群数量随距离的增加而呈数量级减少。例如,在黄棕壤中,距离接种点0~5cm处盾壳霉的数量为为4.4×106cfu/g干土,在5~10cm距离中下降到1.3×104cfu/g干土,超过10cm距离的土壤中检测不到盾壳霉。盾壳霉在沙子中的水平扩散效果明显好于其他4种土壤(黄棕壤、红壤、潮土、黑土),这可能与土壤中的含沙量、黏性和吸附性有关。盾壳霉能随水分垂直扩散20cm深,水平扩散10cm远,基本覆盖了土壤的耕作层和油菜种植的行间距。这为田间通过浇水使用盾壳霉孢子进行土壤处理来寄生核盘菌菌核,从而防治菌核病提供了理论依据。 -
报告Identification of the Pathogen Causing Anthracnose and Screening of Endophytic Antagonists from Wampee Fruits
出版时间:2007虽然应用化学杀菌剂在一定程度上可控制病害的发生,但目前已有越来越多的化学杀菌剂因“3R”现象(Resistance、Resurgence、Residue)而被禁止用于果蔬采后处理。因此,迫切需要寻求新的安全高效的防腐技术以逐步取代化学杀菌剂在果蔬防腐上的使用[1],因而研究无公害采后病害防治措施势在必行。大量研究表明,植物内生菌除可以给植物提供所需要的营养物质及一些激素外,还参与植物的防卫功能,增强植物抗逆境、抗病害、抗动物危害的能力[2~4]。利用内生菌防治植物病害是个尚待开发的微生物新资源,植物学家、植物病理学家、微生物学家、生态学家及药物学家对此广泛关注和重视。黄皮[Clausena lansium(Lour.)Skeels]属芸香科(Rutaceae)亚热带常绿果树。原产华南,有1500多年栽培史。果实酸甜可口,风味独特,营养价值高且具有保健及药用价值,是深受人们喜爱的特产果品[5]。近年来,我国黄皮栽培面积不断扩大,产量逐年提高。但黄皮果实采后极不耐贮藏,在自然条件下极易变软腐烂,其中炭疽病是造成采后腐烂的重要原因之一,而极大地制约了黄皮果实的销售[6~8]。本研究拟对黄皮果实炭疽病病原菌的鉴定,并对无病果实果皮中存在的拮抗内生菌进行分离筛选,为黄皮果实炭疽病的生物防治打下基础。黄皮果实:黄皮病果来自院校市场,无病果实采自中国热带农业科学院试验场五队。1.2.1 黄皮果实炭疽病病原菌分离鉴定1.2.1.1 黄皮果实炭疽病病原分离、纯化与形态学观察 采用组织分离法对典型黄皮果实炭疽病病果进行病原菌分离、纯化,获得菌种,并进行单胞分离、纯化、保存备用。将纯化的菌种移至PDA平板上28℃恒温培养,记录病原菌的培养性状,显微观察菌丝体形态、孢子形态大小等。1.2.1.2 黄皮果实炭疽病病原致病性测定 将上述纯化的病原菌随机选取10个菌株在PDA培养基上培养7天后,采用刺伤和无伤两种方式进行致病性测定。每菌株刺伤和无伤接种时均接种5个果实,以无菌PDA培养基块接种为对照,重复3次,接种点用湿脱脂棉保湿24h后,将接种的病原菌和培养基清除,逐日观察发病情况。1.2.1.3 黄皮果实炭疽病病原菌鉴定 经分离纯化后获得的病原菌进行显微观察和采用病组织切片直接显微观察病原菌的形态特征,根据形态学鉴定其种类[6]。1.2.2 黄皮果实炭疽病拮抗内生菌筛选1.2.2.1 黄皮果实内生菌的分离纯化 将无病黄皮果实果皮剪成若干小块,经表面消毒与无菌水漂洗后,一部分组织块直接接种于PDA、NA和GSA培养基上,取剩余的材料1g加入10ml灭菌水研碎混匀,用50μl分别涂布于NA和GSA培养基上,28℃下恒温培养,逐日观察内生菌的生长情况,将不同形态的菌落及时转接到相应的斜面培养基上,并统一编号后于4℃保存备用。1.2.2.2 拮抗菌筛选 采用平板对峙法[9]进行对黄皮果实炭疽病病原菌具有拮抗活性的内生菌筛选。将培养7天的病原菌菌丝块(Φ=5mm)接种于PDA平板中央,采用十字交叉法在离菌块中心40mm处接种分离获得的内生菌,每菌株接种4点,以接种纯PDA培养基或NA培养基为对照,28℃下恒温培养3天后,分别测量对照及接种内生菌后的病原菌菌落直径、接种内生菌后的抑菌带宽度、显微观察接种内生菌后的病原菌边缘菌丝体及孢子的变化,计算平均抑菌率及平均抑菌带宽度、显微观察病原菌有无变化。1.2.3 拮抗菌鉴定 对5株具有强拮抗活性的内生菌进行鉴定。内生菌的培养特征、形态特征及生理生化特性测定采用东秀珠[10]的方法进行测定,试验结果参考《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》(第八版)[11]及《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》[10]鉴定其种类。2.1.1 黄皮果实炭疽病症状 黄皮果实感病初期,果皮出现水渍状褐色小点,后扩展为圆形、稍凹陷的褐腐状病斑,湿度大时病部表面产生橘红色孢子堆,果汁从病部裂口处溢出。2.1.2 病原菌培养特征及形态特征 经分离纯化,从病健交界处分离获得的病原菌基本表现一致的培养特征,在PDA平板培养基上,菌落初为白色,后变为灰白色,气生菌丝绒毛状,后期产生橘红色黏孢团。直接从黄皮果实病部的橘红色孢子堆镜检观察,分生孢子盘内产生大量褐色有隔刚毛,产孢细胞圆筒形,无色,分生孢子无色单胞,圆筒形,两端钝圆,内含物颗粒状,对分离纯化培养的病原菌进行镜检,菌丝无色,有隔,分生孢子无色,单胞,圆筒形,两端钝圆,大小9.5~16.7(13.6)μm×3.2~5.5(4.2)μm,具1~2个油球。分生孢子萌发后遇硬物则在芽管端部产生一褐色、近圆形或不规则形附着胞。2.1.3 病原菌鉴定 根据病原菌的形态特征、培养特性和致病性测定结果,参考有关文献[8,12~13],将引起黄皮果实炭疽病的病原菌鉴定为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)。先后12批次从健康黄皮果皮组织上分离获得内生菌532株,其中真菌169株,占总分离物的31.77%;细菌363株,占总分离物的68.23%;但在整个试验中,未分离获得放线菌(见表1)。123456789101112合计百分比(%)内生真菌1212139181814171713101616931.77内生细菌35295616212828314323223136368.23内生放线菌00000000000000合计474169253946424860363247532表1 不同批次分离的内生菌数量2.2.1 拮抗内生菌的筛选 根据平均抑菌率及平均抑菌带宽度、显微观察病原菌菌丝体及孢子有无变化的测定结果看,分离获得的169株内生真菌对黄皮炭疽病病原菌均无拮抗作用,对内生真菌与病原菌交界处的病原菌进行观察,未发现病原菌菌丝体或分生孢子有异常变化。而在分离获得的363株内生细菌中,105株对黄皮炭疽病病原菌有不同程度的拮抗作用,占内生细菌的28.93%(见表2)。对峙培养3天后,5株内生细菌的平均抑菌率大于80%或抑菌带宽度大于10mm,分别为B98、B131、B232、B247和B294。拮抗活性无拮抗活性弱拮抗活性中度拮抗活性强拮抗活性菌株数25852485比例(%)71.0714.3313.221.38表2 内生细菌对黄皮炭疽病菌的拮抗活性5株内生细菌的菌落形态及经染色后观察的菌体形态见表3,生理生化特征见表4。依据参考文献《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》(第八版)[11]和《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》[1],5菌株初步鉴定为:B98为荧光假单胞杆菌Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula,B131、B232、B247和B294均为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis(Ehrenberg)Cohn。菌株菌落特征形状颜色边缘表面透明度可溶性色素革兰氏染色形态鞭毛染色芽孢运动性B98圆形淡黄色整齐光滑不透明黄绿荧光色素-杆状单根极生-+B131圆形白色不整齐粗糙不透明-+杆状多根周生++B232圆形白色不整齐粗糙不透明-+杆状多根周生++B247圆形白色不整齐粗糙不透明-+杆状多根周生++B294圆形白色不整齐粗糙不透明-+杆状多根周生++表3 黄皮拮抗内生菌的培养特性及形态学菌株厌氧生长氧化酶接触酶明胶液化淀粉水解碳源利用D-葡萄糖L-阿拉伯糖D-木糖D-甘露糖柠檬酸盐葡萄糖产酸B98-+++-+++-++B131--+++++++++B232--+++++++++B247--+++++++++B294--+++++++++石蕊牛奶丙酸盐硝酸盐甲基红V-P反应pH值5.745℃生长吲哚产生H2S产生7%NaClB98还原、胨化++--+--++B131还原、胨化-+-+++--+B232还原、胨化-+-+++--+B247还原、胨化-+-+++--+B294还原、胨化-+-+++--+表4 黄皮拮抗内生菌的生理生化特征通过对病害症状的观察、病原菌的分离纯化、形态学鉴定及致病性进行测定,确定引起黄皮果实炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.),该病原菌是造成黄皮果实腐烂的主要原因之一。通过对无病黄皮果实果皮组织中的内生菌研究表明,果皮中存在丰富的内生菌资源。大量的内生菌与黄皮的生长发育、抗病性等之间的关系有待进一步研究。通过对分离获得的内生菌与黄皮果实炭疽病病原菌(C.gloeosporioides)进行对峙培养,28.93%的内生细菌具有拮抗作用,可见在黄皮果实组织中存在对该病原菌有抑制作用的拮抗菌具有多样性,这可能是黄皮果实抗病力较强的重要原因之一,为开辟黄皮炭疽病的生物防治提供了重要的原材料,为黄皮的无公害生产打下了基础。 -
报告杨树内生细菌的分离鉴定及对杨树水泡溃疡病菌的抑制作用
出版时间:2007杨树水泡溃疡病(Botryosphaeria dothidea)是为害杨树的重要病害,影响植株生长甚至导致死亡,近年来随着杨树栽植面积的快速增大,杨树水泡溃疡病发病益显严重。目前对该病的防治对策以壮树防病结合化学药剂防治为主,鉴于人类对环境质量要求的提高,生物防治日益受到人们关注。植物内生细菌是一种重要的生物农药来源,其不仅可以抑制病原微生物的生长,还可以促进寄主的生长。因此,越来越受到植物病理学家的重视。目前国内外已有从不同植物中获得内生菌的报道,但杨树内生菌尚未见报道。我们尝试从杨树上获得内生细菌,为用于杨树病害的生物防治奠定基础。杨树水泡溃疡病( Botryosphaeria dothidea)害标本由本实验室保存。分离材料取自山东省泰安市区和市郊绿化或用材杨树,将带杨树水泡溃疡病病斑的组织用常规稀释方法[1],分离内生细菌。对分离得到的内生细菌进行划线培养,挑取单菌落纯化保存。将分离获得内生菌PE0704进行菌落形态观察、革兰氏染色、芽孢染色、鞭毛染色[2],并对PE0704的16SrDNA序列进行扩增、测序和序列分析。取PE0704菌体,以对峙培养法测定其对杨树水泡溃疡病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用,采用凹穴法测定其对病原菌孢子萌发的抑制作用。设置不同的发酵条件,对PE0704进行发酵培养,测定发酵液对杨树水泡溃疡病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用。不同的分离方法对杨树内生细菌的分离效果不同。尤其是组织块的破碎程度以及经消毒、破碎后的组织块是否振荡处理,对内生细菌的分离影响很大。改进的分离方法如下:首先将组织块用75%的酒精、5%的NaClO进行表面消毒,研碎,然后在25℃下振荡培养2h,取培养液,按常规稀释法稀释、涂板,置28℃下培养。利用该方法,从杨树中获得37个内生细菌菌株。经初步筛选得到了对杨树水泡溃疡病菌抑菌活性较好的内生细菌菌株,其中菌株PE0704抑菌效果表现最好。将PE0704在NB平板培养基上划线培养,培养24h时菌落表现为白色、椭圆形、边缘整齐、中央凹陷、表面干燥、粗糙、不透明。该菌体短棒形,两端钝圆,产芽孢、中生、周生鞭毛、革兰氏染色为阳性。对PE0704的16SrDNA进行扩增、测序,共获得该菌16SrDNA的全长为1500bp的部分序列,该序列通过NCBI(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)进行BLAST比对,与已报道的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的16SrDNA序列相似度高,其中与枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)(AB016721.1)等的相似度高达97%以上。结合该菌的菌体形态和染色反应结果,参照《常见细菌系统手册》(第1版)[3],基本确定该菌株为B.subtilis。PE0704的菌体对杨树水泡溃疡病菌的菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,能够明显抑制菌落生长直径,并导致菌丝形态发生了显著变化。镜检发现,其菌丝细胞粗短,扭曲;菌丝顶端和中部细胞膨大成球形或椭圆形;随着时间的延长畸变程度加重,菌丝出现断裂、变成空泡。PE0704的菌体能够抑制杨树水泡溃疡病病菌的孢子萌发,并引起萌发孢子的芽管畸变、其菌丝畸形。对PE0704进行不同条件的发酵培养,结果发现,PE0704的发酵液能够抑制杨树水泡溃疡病菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发,并引起菌丝形态异常。在几种供试培养基中,在BPY中培养获得的发酵液的抑制作用最强,振荡培养72h的发酵液开始表现明显抑菌作用,96h的抑菌作用最强。杨树中存在着对杨树水泡溃疡病菌具有抑制作用的内生细菌,本试验从杨树中获得了37个内生细菌菌株,部分具有抑菌活性。通过菌落形态观察,革兰氏染色、芽孢染色、鞭毛染色,并经16SrDNA序列分析,确定获得的内生菌株PE0704为枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)。PE0704菌的菌体和发酵滤液对杨树水泡溃疡病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发都有较好的抑制效果,能够抑制其菌落生长,并引起菌丝形态产生畸形,能够抑制病原菌孢子萌发,并引起其芽管畸形。鉴于PE0704对杨树水泡溃疡病菌的良好作用效果,可进一步开展菌株拮抗作用机理和发酵条件的研究,为生物农药的研发提供重要依据。 -
报告苹果霉心病综合防治技术研究
出版时间:2007苹果霉心病是近年来苹果果实上发生的一种重要病害。苹果霉心病又称苹果霉腐病、苹果心腐病,是苹果果实生长前期、采收前、贮藏期的主要病害之一,该病一般发生在果心部位,严重时可造成心室周围果肉腐烂,甚至烂到果皮下,严重影响了果农的经济收入。苹果霉心病主要是花期侵染。病菌在苹果枝干、芽体等多个部位存活,也可在树体上及土壤等处的病僵果或坏组织上存活,第二年春季开始传染。病菌随着花朵开放,首先在柱头上定殖,落花后,病菌从花柱开始向萼心间组织扩展,然后进入心室,导致果实发病。果实一般在贮藏期表现出来。在苹果霉心病防治上因群众不能够掌握住关键的防治适期,即花前、谢花后半月内的药剂防治,造成病菌的大量传播侵染,造成苹果霉心病发生重。为了更好地掌握苹果霉心病防治技术,从2005年开始,本站对苹果霉心病防治进行了系统的研究,具体研究如下:2005年,在陈村乡鱼池村进行了花期喷药防治红富士品种苹果试验。药剂主要有70%甲基托布津500倍液、80%大生300倍液、50%菌毒清300倍液、50%多菌灵300倍液、50%甲霜铝铜300倍液、50%扑海因1000倍液、12.5%特谱唑1000倍液、70%百菌清300倍液,对照喷清水,共9个处理,每个处理喷5株树。喷药日期为花期4月20日和4月25日2次。仔细喷洒花朵,尽可能不漏喷。果实9月10日采收,土窑洞贮藏95天,2005年12月15日各处理剖果600个,调查各处理心腐果率。试验设在陈村乡南庄村,共设6个试验处理,即70%甲基托布津、大生M-45、菌毒清、扑海因、特谱唑及喷清水对照药液浓度同花期用药,品种为红富士。2006年为5月3日终花期喷药,9月20日采收,土窑洞贮藏100天,于2006年12月30日剖果,各处理均剖果600个,调查心腐果烂果率。共设6个试验处理,即70%甲基托布津500倍液、80%大生300倍液、50%菌毒清300倍液、50%扑海因1000倍液、12.5%特谱唑1000倍液及喷清水对照,品种为红富士。喷药时间为4月22日花期和5月5日终药期共两次喷药。9月20日采收,土窑洞贮藏100天,于2006年12月30日剖果,各处理均剖果600个,调查心腐果烂果率。2005年花期喷甲基托布津为1.5%,大生为0.33%,菌毒清为1.83%,多菌灵为1.5%,甲霜铝铜为1.33%,扑海因为0.83%,特谱唑为0.5%,百菌清为0.67%,清水对照为6.83%。表明花期喷上述药液2次,对防治果实心腐烂果均有较好效果,以80%大生300倍液防效最好。2006年终花期喷药甲基托布津500倍液为3.17%,大生300倍液为2.17%,百菌毒清300倍液为1.67%,扑海因1000倍液为1.83%,特谱唑1000 倍液为1.5%,喷清水对照为7.17%。试验与2005年花期防效相比,终花期防效稍低于花期防效。在6种试验药剂中以80%大生300倍液和百菌毒清300倍液的防效最好。2006年花期加终花期两次喷药,甲基托布津500倍液为0.83%,大生300倍液为0.0%,百菌毒清300倍液为0.33%,扑海因1000倍液为0.5%,特谱唑1000 倍液为0.5%,喷清水对照为6.33%。在6种试验药中以80%大生300倍液和百菌毒清300倍液的防效最好。序号试验处理剖果(个)病果数病果率(%)备注170%甲基托布津500倍液60091.5280%大生300倍液60020.33350%菌毒清300倍液600111.83450%多菌灵300倍液60091.5550%甲霜铝铜300倍液60081.33650%扑海因1000倍液60050.83712.5%特谱唑1000倍液60030.5870%百菌清300倍液60040.679喷清水对照(CK)600416.83表1 2005年花期喷药防治苹果霉心病效果序号试验处理剖果(个)病果数病果率(%)花期+终花期终花期花期+终花期终花期1甲基托布津300倍液6005190.833.172大生300倍液60001302.173百菌清300倍液6002100.331.674扑海因1000倍液6003110.51.835特谱唑1000倍液600390.51.56清水对照(CK)60038436.337.17表2 2006年花期+终花期和终花期喷药防治苹果霉心病效果通过多年的防治试验示范,我们认为采用以下的综合防治措施,可收到较好的防治效果。3.1.1 清除病原 苹果采摘后清除果园内的病果、病叶、病枝、丛生的杂草,刮除树体病皮,并带出果园集中处理。3.1.2 科学管理 增施有机肥料,增强树势,提高植株抗病性;合理灌水,及时排涝,保持适宜的土壤含量,防止地面长期潮湿;科学修剪,建造合理的树体结构,保持果园通风透光良好,可有效地控制或减少霉心病的发生。采收时对田间发病较重的果实,应单存单贮。采收后24h内放入贮藏窖中,窖温最好保持在1~2℃。一般10℃以下,发病明显减轻。花前和谢花后7~10天是防治苹果霉心病的两个关键时期,有效药剂为80%大生、扑海因、多抗霉素等。3.2.1 芽前用药 苹果发芽前或花芽萌动期用3~5波美度石硫合剂+0.3%五氯酚钠,40%福美砷100倍防治。3.2.2 花前加谢花后7~10天用药,提高防治效果 药剂为:80%大生、70%甲基托布津300倍液、50%扑海因可湿性粉剂1500倍、50%退菌特可湿性粉剂600倍、70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍,可以有效防治霉心病,还能兼治轮纹斑、斑点落叶病。苹果霉心病是由霉心和心腐2种症状构成,其中霉心症状为果心发霉,但果肉不腐烂,不影响果实食用价值和商品价值,心腐症状不仅果心发霉,靠近果心的果肉也由里向外腐烂,影响食用甚至无食用价值,这种症状严重影响果品的经济效益。通过以上试验,可以看出,以花期加终花期喷药防治苹果霉心病效果最好,其次为花期两次喷药,终花期喷药防效相对差一些。但是3种防治方法对苹果霉心病均有较好防效。 -
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报告豫西地区辣椒病毒病发生流行特点及综合防治方法
出版时间:2007辣椒病毒病又名辣椒花叶病,是辣椒生产的主要病害之一,近年来在三门峡地区发生日趋严重。发病田块一般减产10%~30%。花叶型初现明脉轻微褪绿或现浓、淡绿相间的斑驳,全株叶片褪绿,继续发展则叶面皱缩畸形,或形成线形叶,果实变小,植株严重矮化;黄化症状呈上升趋势,表现为叶色均匀黄化或黄色斑驳,植株矮化或矮化不明显;坏死型主要表现为枯顶症状,病株部分组织变褐坏死,植株生长点呈水渍状枯死,叶片黄化,随后叶片逐渐脱落,在叶片上,产生黄绿相间的斑驳或大型黄褐色环斑;畸形丛枝型的植株节间缩短,幼叶狭窄或呈线状,叶面皱缩,植株上部叶丛生,呈丛簇状,重病果面有深绿、浅绿相间的花斑和疣状凸起,果面凸凹不平,病果易脱落;易导致落叶、落花、落果,病株严重矮化,叶小而少,株小。果实常出现黄绿相间的花斑或黄色环斑、畸形,易腐生其他杂菌而烂果,严重影响辣椒的产量和品质。主要为前两种。在辣椒上,烟草花叶病毒和马铃薯X病毒引起系统花叶症状,烟草花叶病毒的不同株系分别引起系统花叶、系统环斑和条斑症状。黄瓜花叶病毒寄主范围非常广泛,毒源植物十分普遍。在田间主要靠蚜虫飞迁传毒,主要种类有桃蚜、萝卜蚜和瓜蚜等。种子和土壤中的病残体不能传播,摩擦传毒也不重要。烟草花叶病毒的主要初侵染源是土壤中的病残体,而带毒种子和卷烟或旱烟不是主要的初侵染源。在田间主要通过田间操作接触传播。马铃薯X病毒主要毒源是马铃薯,主要靠摩擦传播,不能通过蚜虫传毒,种子和土壤中的病残体也不能传播。辣椒病毒病发生及轻重与病毒类型、环境条件、栽培技术、品种抗病性有密切关系。栽植适龄壮苗,合理密植,早期防蚜等综合防治措施可以有效地减轻辣椒病毒病。在早春采用薄膜覆盖等提高地温和保湿防风的措施,秧苗健壮,抗病力增强,可使辣椒不发病或发病轻。而不覆盖的辣椒病毒病较重。定植健壮、适龄的幼苗比弱苗、老龄苗生长好,病毒病轻。重茬地发病重,轮作发病轻。辣椒病毒病的发生还与邻茬有关,辣椒地块的邻茬为番茄则发病重。植株生长茂密、徒长、通风不良的田块发病亦重;辣椒与茄科作物连作、移栽偏晚、地势低洼、土壤贫瘠、缺肥的田块,均可加重病毒病的发生。肥水充足,管理水平高,辣椒生长旺盛,病毒病发生较轻;反之发生较重。黄瓜花叶病毒、马铃薯Y病毒与蚜虫的发生情况关系密切,冬季高温干旱时,蚜虫等传毒介体发生多,扩展速度快,花叶和畸形等类型辣椒病毒病发生早,病害扩展速度快,为害严重。但枯顶型病毒病往往在田间湿度大时发生较多,传播较快;烟草花叶病毒和其他多种植物病毒可以经接触及伤口传播,通过整枝打杈等农事操作传染。新育成的品种如农大21号、农大22号、中椒5号、津椒3号均是抗病的优良品种。3.2.1 种子消毒 用10%硫酸三钠溶液浸种20~30min,洗净后催芽,可防治烟草花叶病毒感染。3.2.2 从无病株上采种,携带烟草花叶病毒的种子可用10%磷酸三钠溶液浸种30min,清水洗净后播种 育苗地要疏松肥沃,清除病残体,并适当早播和适当稀播。在满足幼苗对营养和水分等要求的前提下,实行昼促夜控的苗床温度管理,培育茎秆粗壮,具12~14片叶和50%以上植株现蕾的壮苗,并注意及时防治蚜虫。这样的适龄壮苗定植后一周即可转青,而且封垄早,生长健壮,抗病力强。3.2.3 营养钵育苗在育苗期间,采用塑料钵育苗 把调配好的营养土装入钵内,每钵播种3粒种子。保证成活两株幼苗,然后带钵土定植。这种方法一可减少分苗假植程序,节省用工;二可自种子出土后,就有充足的营养面积,保证幼苗粗壮;三可防止造成根部伤口,减少病毒入侵机会。3.2.4 苗龄不宜过长,应控制在70~80天。定植苗株高与植株横径相近,控制在10~15cm,具5~6片真叶。株高10~15cm时,茎基部直径应达0.5~0.6cm。叶片宽、厚、平、绿,茎尖嫩壮。幼小根系发达白嫩。为防止病毒病或减轻病毒病发生,将单株栽培习惯改为在分苗时就进行双株分苗假植,尔后双株定植,每亩栽种3000~3500墩。双株法是减轻病毒病的有效措施。采用大小垄密植栽培,一般大垄宽为50~53cm,小垄宽22~33cm,每亩4500~5000穴,每穴栽2株。春季气温低,垄作和小水灌溉比平畦和大水漫灌地温高,并且土壤疏松利于发根,提早封垄,雨季利于排水。夏季高温炎热,密植能够较早地遮严地面,降低地温和保持土壤水分,有利于植株生长,不利于病毒病发展。3.4.1 采用配方施肥技术,施足基肥。3.4.2 覆盖地膜,适当提早定植 要求秧苗株型矮而壮实,在第一分杈具有花蕾时定植为宜。3.4.3 与玉米、菜豆等高秆作物间作,避免强光高温,可有效防止病毒病。注意轮作换茬,精细整地,施足基肥,增施磷、钾肥。露地栽培可在定植时铺地膜或加盖小拱棚,并适度蹲苗,促进发根。生长前期避免大水漫灌,浇水后及时中耕,力争做到早定植,早生根,早结果,在发病盛期到来之前已花果满枝。结果期不能缺水缺肥,以防早衰。搞好田园卫生,及时清除田间路边杂草,如酸浆、反枝苋、刺儿菜及藜等,以减少病毒来源。3.5.1 苗期及生长期要及时喷药治蚜 可用2.5%溴氰菊酯乳剂2000~3000倍液,或20%速灭杀丁乳剂2000~3000倍液,或2.5%天王星乳油3000倍液,喷洒注意喷嘴对准叶背,将药液尽可能喷射到蚜虫体上。药剂有50%辟蚜雾可湿性粉剂或2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油2000~3000倍液等。3.5.2 应用弱毒性病毒进行人工免疫可减轻病毒病害,如烟草花叶病毒弱株系N14防烟草花叶病毒,烟草花叶病毒卫星核糖核酸制剂S52和S54防烟草花叶病毒,但必须在辣椒感染自然界强株系之前接种上弱毒性病毒。接种方法主要有两种:一种是人工摩擦或高压喷枪接种,苗龄在1~3叶期为宜;另一种是浸根接种,当幼苗2叶期进行第一次假植时,将幼苗拔出洗净根部后立即浸入疫苗液中5~10min。疫苗液的浓度一般为100倍液(S52和S54)和1000倍液(N14),详见产品说明。另外,也可喷洒NS-83增抗剂100倍液,定植前后各喷1次,还可在定植前、缓苗后及盛果期各喷1次0.1%硫酸锌溶液,都有一定的防病作用。3.5.3 发病始期喷施病毒A800倍液+高锰酸钾1000倍液+0.3%硫酸锌,或用叶康或小叶敌300倍液。注意用药时每隔7天喷1次,连喷3次,才能收到良好效果。3.5.4 设置生物屏障在进行定植的时候,有计划地栽种4行辣椒间种1行玉米,使玉米成为高温季节对辣椒进行遮光降温的生物屏障,降低病毒病的发生,并从栽培玉米中得到一定效益。3.5.5 钝化剂和微肥的应用 用500倍的AV-2或100倍的豆浆释液或100倍的豆制品浆水,从4叶期开始每隔10~15天叶面喷布1次,共喷3~5次,可有效的减轻病毒病的为害。锌对控制TMV侵染有明显效果,常规用量为1‰的硫酸锌水溶液,每亩用75~100kg稀释液喷布叶面,喷2~3次。 -
报告Research on the Relationship between Prevention of the Small Brown Planthoppers (Laodelphax striatellus) in Rice Seedling Bed and the Incidence of Rice Stripe Virus
出版时间:2007The small brown planthoppers(Laodelphax striatellus)is an important pest in single late rice seedling stage in Zhejiang province and also the vector of the rice stripe virus,threatened paddy rice production.Through the investigation of transplanting time of rice seeding,occurrence quantity and carriage rate of overwinter and the first generation of the small brown planthoppers in wheat field and weed at the beginning of 2007,the small brown planthoppers mainly immigrated Early Sowing single late rice seedling from wheat field and weeds.The generation of the small brown planthoppers is the most serious in sowing single late rice seedling,and easily arouse the outbreak of the rice stripe virus.Currently,control strategy of the rice stripe virus is"cut off a poisonous chain,cure insect to control the disease".During the last years,by investigating the small brown planthoppers quantity in rice seedling stage and adopting chemistry prevention at different number of times to control it,we research the relationship between the small brown planthoppers quantity in rice seedling stage and the incidence of the rice stripe virus for explicating the affection of insect quantity in rice seedling stage and chemistry prevention to incidence of the rice stripe virus.Now we report the result as follows.Agent:40%Chlorpyrifos(zhejiang xinnong chemical company limited).Experimental field is in the experimental area of Shuangqiao academy of agricultural science in Xiuzhou district of Jiaxing City;rice variety is Jia 991 and is offered by Jiaxing academy of agricultural science.1.2.1 Seed treatment May 10 in 2007,rice seed is immersed in 2000 times'402 liquid over72h.May 13,we took it out and flushed with the clear water,then put it in the thermostat in 37℃ in order to pregerminate and seeded on May 15.1.2.2 Experimental design The rice seedling bed is divided into 15 small areas that is 2m2 and each small area stays the partition of 30cm.Each small area is sowed seeds quantity homology.15 small areas are divided into 5 processing and the everywhere manages 3 small areas.5 processing differences expect:no application,once application,2 times application,3 times application and 4 times application in the rice seedling stage.Application of time is such as the table 1.The agent of prevention chooses to 40%Chlorpyrifos that diluted to 500 times liquids to spray.ApplicationtimeApplicationnumberoftimes0times1times2times3times4times5/24√√√√6/1√√√6/8√√6/15√Table 1 Different application number of times and time1.2.3 Investigation of the small brown planthoppers quantity in rice seedling stage and incidence of the rice stripe virus We have investigated the small brown planthoppers quantity of every small area in rice seedling bed before application since May 24.The small area is investigated in 3 point and everywhere is 0.11m2,and we statistics the average of insect quantity in each point and compare with the quantity in different processing.We statistics the amount of rice seedling and the number of infected plants in every small area on June 20 when the rice seedling transplanted to the field,and computed the incidence of the rice stripe virus in each area.1.2.4 Incidence of the rice stripe virus in the field After investigating incidence of the rice stripe virus in rice seedling stage,we transplanted the rice seedling from 5 processing area including no preventing,preventing once,2 times,3 times,4 times into the field,and periodical investigated the incidence of the rice stripe virus in the field.Each small area is chose 5 points while investigating,and investigated 250 stubs on each point and computed incidence in every small area.2.1.1 The small brown planthoppers quantity in rice seedling stage Investigate a result on May 24,The small brown planthoppers all is longwing adults in each small rice seedling area,and the insect quantity is 138 in each 0.11m2;amount of insect in the field has a little bit decrease on June 1;on June 8 it obviously reduces and the number of egg and low instar nymphst increases gradually;until June 15 it has been basically low instar nymphst.The result of investigation indicates,from June 1 to May 24,the insect quantity of every processing area presents to a descend trend,but the decrease range of the insect quantity in applicationarea is higher than in no application;From June 1 to June 15,the insect quantity of no and once application area increases gradually,which are higher than the cardinal number of ex-experiment,but the amount of insect in the other application areas have gradually decrease,see table 2,figure 1.Date(month/day)0time1time2times3times4times5/241381451621431526/11191121251161206/8211175142122986/152471991398465Rateofincreasesordecrease(%)78.9937.24-14.20-41.26-57.24Table 2 Investigation of the small brown planthoppers quantity in different processing areas of rice seedlingFigure 1 Investigation of the small brown planthoppers quantity in different processing aras of rice seeldingWith the insect quantity of ex-application in each small area for cardinal number,compared with the amount of the last investigation,the insect quantity in no and once application area increased by 78.99%and 37.24%respectively,but it in 2 times,3 times and 4 times application area reduced by 14.20%,41.26%and 57.24%respectively.Experiment indicates,application inrice seedling bed can effectively repress the small brown planthoppers quantity in the field,and with application number of times increasing,which restraint effect is strengthen and amount of insect in small area reduces 57.24%with 4 times application.2.1.2 Investigation of the incidence of the rice stripe virus in rice seedling bed The investigation of incidence of the rice stripe virus on that day when the rice seedling was transplanted to the field,there is all discovered diseased plants in each small areas,but which number in the small area of no application is obviously more than the application area.The incidence of no,once,2 times,3 times and 4 times application areas respectively is 5.53%,3.90%,2.27%,1.50%and 1.36%,see table 3.Experiment enunciation,application in the rice seedling bed is not only lower amount of the small brown planthoppers in the field,but also ease occurrence of rice stripe in rice seedling bed.ApplicationtimesInriceseedlingbedDiseasedplantAmountIncidence(%)Reductionrateofriceseedling(%)InthefieldDiseasedplantAmountIncidence(%)Reductionrateofthefield(%)0time993179655.530237129618.2901time719184293.9029.48170113814.9418.322times404178302.2758.95116102011.3737.833times270180211.5072.887311016.6363.754times247181541.3675.416114234.2976.54Table 3 The investigation of incidence of the rice stripe virus in rice seedling bed(Jiaxing,2006)Seen from the investigation of the incidence of rice stripe virus with the different processing,the incidence in rice seedling bed of no application is lowered by 29.48%compared with once time application;compared with 2 times,the incidence is lowered by 29.47%with once application,and it is descended by 13.19%compared 2 times with 3 times;but compared 4 times application with 3 times,the incidence in rice seedling bed is only lowered 2.53%.This is because of the rice stripe virus has an incubation stage in rice plant after infection,and there is 12 days at least from infecting to outbreak;than the outbreak of rice stripe virus in rice seedling bed is on June 20.So that ex-3 times application depressed the cardinal number of the small brown planthoppers,and reduced the infection and the incidence of the rice stripe virus in rice seedling bed.But it is not obviously influencing for the incidence in rice seedling bed with the 4th time application on June 15.The result that we periodic investigate the rice stripe virus in the field,the incidence in the field is basically stability after transplanting 40 days,and no longer appear a new disable plant.Because on the rice seedling stage we adopted the chemistry prevention with different number of times,the incidence of the rice stripe virus exists difference after the rice seedling transplanted to the field.The incidence is the tallest in no application small area and lowest in 4 times application small area.Along with the increment of application number of times,the incidence presents to obviously descend trend.With no,once,2 times,3 times,4 times application the incidence is in order to 18.29%,14.94%,11.37%,6.63%and 4.29%in the field.It is shown that application in the rice seedling bed depressed the small brown planthoppers quantity,and the function is very obviously for ease the occurrence of the rice stripe virus.Analyzed the incidence of the rice stripe virus in various processing,it in the field with once and two times application distinctly descend 18.23%and 37.83%compared with no application;but when with the application number of times increase to 3 times,the descends range of the incidence is 63.75%and prevent effect is obviously higher than that with 2 times application,than after 4 times application the incidence descend to come to 76.54%.The relationship between the small brown planthoppers quantity in rice seedling bed and incidence of rice stripe in rice seedling bed and field analytical,such as table 4,figure 2 shown.The relativity analyzes indicated,the small brown planthoppers quantity(x)and incidence of rice stripe in rice seedling bed(y)relation type is y=0.03 x+2.89,related coefficient r=0.99**;the small brown planthoppers quantity(x)and incidence of rice stripe in the field(y)relation type is y=0.10x+11.03,related coefficient r=0.98**.The relationship between the small brown planthoppers quantity and incidence of rice stripe virus in rice seedling bed and field present positive correlation.ApplicationtimesChangerateofthequantity(%)Incidenceinriceseedlingbed(%)Incidenceinthefield(%)0time78.995.5618.292times37.243.8914.943times-14.202.2711.375times-41.261.506.636times-57.241.364.29Table 4 The investigation of the small brown planthoppers quantity and incidence of the rice stripe virus(Jiaxing,2006)It is very obvious that preventing the small brown planthoppers in rice seedling bed for controlling the occurrence of the rice stripe virus.The result of adopting the different application times indicates,that is repressed growth of the small brown planthoppers quantity,and also eased the occurrence of the rice stripe virus with increasing the application number of times.As the result of the test shows,there is the forward relationship between the range of incidence and application times;through investigating the incidence in the field,we can confirm that reasonable application is effectively to controlling the occurrence of the rice stripe virus.Moreover analysis of the relationship between the small brown planthoppers quantity,incidence of the rice stripe virus in rice seedling bed and it in the flied,there have a positive correlation.Experiment shows,the reasonable and multiple application in rice seedling bed is the effective means to reduce the small brown planthoppers quantity and controlling the rice stripe virus.The controlling effect of the rice stripe virus is reached 70%with application 3 or 4 times on rice seedling stage.Therefore we suggest that we should pay attention to controlling the small brown planthoppers of the rice seedling bed at the rice stripe virus heavier region or age,especially in the rice seedling bed where sow seeds early and easily cause the small brown planthoppers centralize immigration.In order to prevent effectively,we should increase the number of application times to lower the small brown planthoppers quantity in the field,and control the harm of the rice stripe virus.Figure 2 Relationship between the small brown planthoppers quantity andin cidence of rice stripe virus in different prevention of rice seedling bed
